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Family Vaejovidae
Genus Paravaejovis
Genus Paruroctonus
Genus Pseudouroctonus
Genus Serradigitus
Genus Smeringurus
Genus Syntropis
Genus Uroctonites
Genus Uroctonus
Genus Vaejovis
Genus Vejovoidus
Diversity
Endemism
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Biogeography
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Genus
Paruroctonus Werner 1934
Synonymy
Paruroctonus
Werner, 1934 (January?): 283, fig. 363; type species by monotypy Uroctonoides
gracilior Hoffmann, 1931 [=Paruroctonus gracilior
(Hoffmann, 1931)].
SYNONYMS:
Uroctonoides
Hoffmann, 1931: 405, fig. 42; type species by monotypy Uroctonoides gracilior Hoffmann, 1931 [=Paruroctonus
gracilior (Hoffmann,
1931)]; preoccupied as Uroctonoides Chamberlin, 1920 (=Teuthraustes
Simon, 1878) (synonymized by Werner, 1934: 283).
Hoffmanniellius
Mello-Leitão, 1934a (June 30): 80 (proposed replacement name for Uroctonoides
Hoffmann); type species Uroctonoides gracilior Hoffmann, 1931 [=Paruroctonus
gracilior (Hoffmann, 1931)] [synonymized by Stahnke, 1957: 253 (in
footnote)].
REFERENCES:
Paruroctonus:
Kästner, 1941: 237; Stanhke, 1957: 253 (part); Stahnke, 1965: 262, 263 (part);
Bücherl, 1971: 329; Williams, 1972: 1-3 (part; reinstated as genus); Soleglad,
1972a: 71-75 (part); Soleglad, 1973b: 353, 355 (part); Williams, 1974: 15
(part); Stahnke, 1974a: 119, 136, fig. 10; Vachon, 1974: 914, 916; Williams,
1980: 31-34, fig. 35-37 (part); Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 241, 243 (part);
Sissom & Francke, 1981: 93 (part); Francke, 1985: 11, 18, 21; Sissom & Francke,
1985: 264 (part); Sissom, 1990a: 110, 114 (part); Stockwell, 1992: 408, 409,
416, 419, fig. 12, 37, 39, 58; Sissom et al., 1998: 17-19; Kovarík, 1998: 143;
ICZN, 1999: 209-210; Beutelspacher, 2000: 56, 65, 152; Sissom, 2000:505-506;
Soleglad & Fet, 2003a: 15, 31, 33, 36, 67, 140, 142, 163, 164, figs. 66, 79, 80,
111, D-5, Tabs. 3, 4, 9.
Hoffmanniellus
(ISS): Mello-Leitão, 1945: 118; Vachon, 1963a: 163.
Vejovis (Paruroctonus):
Gertsch & Allred, 1965: 4 (part); Gertsch & Soleglad, 1966: 3-7 (part); Gertsch
& Soleglad, 1972: 553, 559 (part); Williams & Hadley, 1967: 112 (part);
Williams, 1968a: 7 (part); Williams, 1970b: 277 (part).
Vaejovis (Paruroctonus):
Hjelle, 1972: 26 (part).
Vaejovis: Díaz
Najera, 1975: 3, 6 (part).
Paruroctonus
(Paruroctonus): Haradon, 1983: 256; Haradon, 1984a: 205-209; Haradon,
1984b: 317-318; Haradon, 1985: 19-21.
Description.
Prosoma.
– Anterior carapacial margin straight to convex.
Mesosoma.
– Pectinal tooth counts 13-39 in males, 8-24 in females. All female pectinal
teeth similar in size and shape, and with sensorial areas.
Metasoma.
– Dorsal carinae of segments I-IV with even granulation, rounded off distally.
Ventral submedian carinae of segments I-IV paired and variously developed,
ranging from absent (usually on proximal segments) to granular to denticulate
(strength and granulation usually increasing posteriorly). Ventral intercarinal
spaces lacking accessory setae. Segment V with linear ventromedian carina
(i.e., not bifurcated distally).
Chelicerae.
– Ventral margin of the cheliceral movable finger with or without denticles or
crenulations; fixed finger lacking ventral denticles. Serrula of movable finger
absent.
Pedipalps.
– Patella: Inner face with basal tubercles moderately developed; inner
longitudinal carina present, usually consisting of several granules. Chelal
carinae: Carinal development variable, some with all carinae developed and
granular to denticulate, others with various carinae reduced; sexual dimorphism
prominent (females often with reduced carination). Chela dentition:
Terminal denticles moderately large, conically shaped. Chela fixed finger with
primary denticle row divided into six subrows of denticles, these are flanked by
six inner accessory denticles. Chela movable finger with primary denticle row
divided into six to seven subrows of denticles, these flanked by seven inner
accessory denticles. Denticles of denticle row subconical, rounded to more
narrow, subserrate.
Trichobothrial Pattern. – Patella with two ventral
trichobothria along ventroexternal carina (the third ventral trichobothrium is
positioned on the external face). Chela with four ventral (V) trichobothria.
Chelal trichobothria ib positioned at base of fixed finger or displaced
slightly from base. Chela finger trichobothrium est about equidistant
between et and esb.
Legs.
– Basitarsi and often telotarsi with setal combs. Telotarsi ventrally with a
median row of small spinules that are flanked distally by one pair of slightly
larger spinules. Ventromedian spinule row flanked laterally by setae.
Hemispermatophore.
– No published observations exist.
Included groups. –
gracilior,
boreus,
and stahnkei
infragroups.
Similar taxa. –
See Vejovoidus Stahnke, Paravaejovis Williams, and
Smeringurus Haradon.
Remarks.
- Haradon (1983, 1984a, 1984b, 1985) revised this genus and divided it into two
subgenera, Paruroctonus and Smeringurus. Haradon (1984a, 1984b,
1985) further divided subgenus Paruroctonus into a number of
presumably monophyletic groupings. Larger groups were
referred to as infragroups (gracilior infragroup, boreus
infragroup, stahnkei infragroup), for which a key was provided by Haradon
(1985), and two of these were subdivided into microgroups. The boreus
infragroup includes the boreus, becki, xanthus, and baergi microgroups, and the
stahkei infragroup includes the stahnkei, shulovi, borregoensis, and
williamsi
microgroups. Stockwell (1992) elevated Smeringurus to genus, but it is
doubtful whether either Smeringurus or Paruroctonus is
monophyletic (although the group comprising Paravaejovis, Paruroctonus,
Smeringurus and Vejovoidus probably is). Paruroctonus thus
currently includes 29 species and 4 subspecies, all fossorial and most
psammophilous, inhabiting sand dune systems throughout the deserts of the
western USA and northwestern Mexico. Some, e.g. P. gracilior, prefer
packed sandy soils and even rocky or gravelly habitats. The dune systems of
Chihuahua and Coahuila have not been well sampled and new Paruroctonus
species may occur there.
Literature Cited.
Haradon, R.M. 1983.
Smeringurus, a new subgenus of Paruroctonus Werner (Scorpiones,
Vaejovidae). Journal of Arachnology 11: 251–270.
Haradon, R.M. 1984a. New and
redefined species belonging to the Paruroctonus borregoensis group
(Scorpiones, Vaejovidae). Journal of Arachnology 12: 317–339.
Haradon, R.M. 1984b. New and
redefined species belonging to the Paruroctonus baergi group (Scorpiones,
Vaejovidae). Journal of Arachnology 12: 205–221.
Haradon, R.M. 1985. New
groups and species belonging to the nominate subgenus Paruroctonus (Scorpiones,
Vaejovidae). Journal of Arachnology 13: 19–42.
Stockwell,
S.A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and
checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology 29:
407–422.
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